After servÂing two terms as the first PresÂiÂdent of the UnitÂed States of AmerÂiÂca, George WashÂingÂton refused to conÂtinÂue on to a third. We now see this action as beginÂning the traÂdiÂtion of peaceÂful relinÂquishÂment of powÂer that has conÂtinÂued more or less ever since (interÂruptÂed, as in recent years, by the occaÂsionÂal trouÂbled tranÂsiÂtion). At the time, not everyÂone expectÂed WashÂingÂton to step down, hisÂtoÂry havÂing mostÂly offered examÂples of rulers who hung on until the bitÂter end. But the new repubÂlic’s creÂation of not just rules but cusÂtoms resultÂed in a variÂety of unusuÂal politÂiÂcal events; even WashÂingÂton’s elecÂtion was “weirdÂer than you think.”
So declares hisÂtoÂry YoutuÂber PreÂmodÂernist in the video above, an explaÂnaÂtion of the very first UnitÂed States presÂiÂdenÂtial elecÂtion in 1789. “There were no offiÂcial canÂdiÂdates. There was no camÂpaignÂing for the office. There were no politÂiÂcal parÂties, no nomÂiÂnatÂing conÂvenÂtions, no priÂmaÂry elecÂtions. The entire elecÂtion seaÂson was very short, and the major issue of this elecÂtion was the ConÂstiÂtuÂtion itself.” It also took place after thirÂteen presÂiÂdent-free years, the U.S. havÂing been not a sinÂgle counÂtry but “a colÂlecÂtion of thirÂteen sepÂaÂrate colonies,” each tied more closeÂly to Britain than to the othÂers; there hadÂn’t even been a fedÂerÂal govÂernÂment per se.
The U.S. ConÂstiÂtuÂtion changed that. DraftÂed in 1787, it proÂposed the execÂuÂtive, legÂislaÂtive, and judiÂcial branchÂes of govÂernÂment, whose names every AmerÂiÂcan who’s takÂen a citÂiÂzenÂship exam (and every immiÂgrant who’s takÂen the citÂiÂzen test) rememÂbers. SetÂting up those branchÂes in realÂiÂty would prove no easy task: how, to name just one pracÂtiÂcal quesÂtion, would the execÂuÂtive — the presÂiÂdent — actuÂalÂly be choÂsen? ConÂgress, the legÂislaÂtive branch, could theÂoÂretÂiÂcalÂly do it, but that would vioÂlate the now pracÂtiÂcalÂly sacred prinÂciÂple of the sepÂaÂraÂtion of powÂers. The votÂers could also elect the presÂiÂdent directÂly, but the framers rejectÂed that option as both impracÂtiÂcal and unwise.
Enter “the famous elecÂtoral colÂlege,” a body of speÂcialÂized votÂers choÂsen by the indiÂvidÂual states in any manÂner they please. HavÂing rejectÂed the ConÂstiÂtuÂtion itself, North CarÂoliÂna and Rhode Island didÂn’t parÂticÂiÂpate in the 1789 elecÂtion. Each of the othÂer states chose their elecÂtors in its own way (exemÂpliÂfyÂing the politÂiÂcal labÂoÂraÂtoÂry of AmerÂiÂcan fedÂerÂalÂism as origÂiÂnalÂly conÂceived), though it didÂn’t go smoothÂly in every case: the wideÂspread diviÂsion between fedÂerÂalÂists and anti-fedÂerÂalÂists was proÂnounced enough in New York to creÂate a deadÂlock that preÂventÂed the state from choosÂing any elecÂtors at all. The elecÂtors that did make it cast two votes each, with the first-place canÂdiÂdate becomÂing PresÂiÂdent and the secÂond-place canÂdiÂdate becomÂing Vice PresÂiÂdent.
That last proved to be a “bad sysÂtem,” whose mechanÂics encourÂaged a great deal of schemÂing, intrigue, and strateÂgic votÂing (even by the subÂseÂquentÂly estabÂlished stanÂdards of AmerÂiÂcan polÂiÂtics). Only with the ratÂiÂfiÂcaÂtion of the twelfth amendÂment, in 1804, could elecÂtors sepÂaÂrateÂly desÂigÂnate their choice of PresÂiÂdent and Vice PresÂiÂdent. In 1789, of course, “WashÂingÂton easÂiÂly got all 69 elecÂtoral votes,” and went on relucÂtantÂly to preÂvail again in the next presÂiÂdenÂtial elecÂtion, which more recentÂly became the subÂject of its own PreÂmodÂernist video. Both of them merÂit a watch in this parÂticÂuÂlar moment, as the run-up to the U.S. conÂtest of 2024 gets into full swing. This elecÂtion cycle cerÂtainÂly won’t be as short as 1789, but it may well be as weird.
RelatÂed conÂtent:
Sal Khan & the MupÂpets’ Grover Explain the ElecÂtoral ColÂlege
ElectÂing a US PresÂiÂdent in Plain EngÂlish
George Washington’s 110 Rules for CivilÂiÂty and Decent BehavÂior
Based in Seoul, ColÂin Marshall writes and broadÂcasts on cities, lanÂguage, and culÂture. His projects include the SubÂstack newsletÂter Books on Cities, the book The StateÂless City: a Walk through 21st-CenÂtuÂry Los AngeÂles and the video series The City in CinÂeÂma. FolÂlow him on TwitÂter at @colinmarshall or on FaceÂbook.
What a onderÂfulÂly detailed video! Very inforÂmaÂtive. HowÂevÂer, there was a presÂiÂdent before “The ConÂstiÂtuÂtion” was ratÂiÂfied: John HanÂson was the PresÂiÂdent of the UnitÂed States Under ConÂgress AssemÂbled, which had its own conÂstiÂtuÂtion, the actuÂal first conÂstiÂtuÂtion, which, as you menÂtioned, didÂn’t work because it didÂn’t give the fedÂerÂal govÂernÂment any powÂer. Also, it gave the fedÂerÂal govÂernÂment no way of colÂlectÂing taxÂes, so it had no budÂget.
SepÂaÂrateÂly, I’m from the NetherÂlands, where we have proÂporÂtionÂal repÂreÂsenÂtaÂtion: the perÂcentÂage of votes a parÂty gets equals the perÂcentÂage of seats it gets in parÂliaÂment, so a parÂty that gets 5% of the vote gets 5% of the seats and their votÂers are repÂreÂsentÂed exactÂly that much. Not disÂproÂporÂtionÂateÂly more, like the 100,000 or so inhabÂiÂtants of Wyoming through their senÂaÂtors, and they are not comÂpleteÂly ignored like third-parÂty votÂers. We have many parÂties back home — some say too many, but at least everyÂone gets a voice, and extreme views are also sepÂaÂratÂed out into the small groups they actuÂalÂly are, rather than all being absorbed into two large parÂties that then have to cater to everyÂone and at the same time not rufÂfle anyÂone’s feathÂers, which means they can’t ever get big things done.