Doctor Who’s Tom Baker Plays Douglas Adams’ Digital “Agent” in the AI-Predicting Hyperland (1990)

in Artificial Intelligence, Technology, Television | October 20th, 2026

Cast your mind, if you will, back to the year 2020. It now feels like a different time, what with the spreading COVID-19 pandemic and the heated sociopolitical battles being waged online, and indeed in the (socially distanced) streets. That spring, we featured here on Open Culture an amusing retro-technological diversion called Hyperland. First broadcast on BBC2, the program stars The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy author Douglas Adams as himself and Doctor Who’s Tom Baker as his agent. “You want fifteen percent?” the former asks the latter when they first meet in a vast wasteland of flickering television sets. Not at all: “I’m here to do your every slightest bidding,” Baker explains, “to fetch and carry for you, to work tirelessly and selflessly on your behalf, always ready, always willing, no job too small or too menial.”

Today, we can hardly share in Adams’ bewilderment, familiar as we are with the notion of what Baker calls a “software agent,” an “artificial and completely customizable personality” with “instant access to every piece of information stored digitally anywhere in the world: any picture or film, any sound, any book, any statistic, any fact, any connection between anything you care to think of.” We must remind ourselves that Hyperland was produced in 1990, when these lines would have struck all but the most computer-savvy and forward-looking viewers as sheer science fiction. Even three decades thereafter, they still sounded more or less like an elevated version of ordinary late-twentieth-century techno-optimism. Here in 2026, Baker’s services are close to being considered a basic necessity, at least in Silicon Valley and its global provinces.

Not so very long ago, Hyperland looked startlingly prescient about the rise of the World Wide Web, which would soon let its users seek out their own desired pieces of information and media, actively moving through links between them, in a manner unlike the passive viewing experience of television (with which it would, as no one then knew, one day converge). This was an unfamiliar idea to most people in 1990; hence the variety of clear and entertaining ways in which the program breaks down its technological basis, pulling up clips from its onscreen “database” like an interview with Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext. Like multimedia, that word may carry a whiff of antiquity today, but it was once on the lips of practically every technologist in popular culture — in a manner reminiscent of the lexicon that has sprung from new developments in artificial intelligence over the past few years.

At times, Baker’s character now looks almost realistic, as when Adams asks him to knock off the obsequiousness, or when he pulls up Kurt Vonnegut’s theory of story form before Adams fully gets the question out. Yet Hyperland devotes little time to AI per se. The program appeared in the wake of the eighties’ AI boom, when “expert systems” promised to solve problems in industry, medicine, and other sectors, but many of the field’s larger ambitions went unrealized. There followed a long “AI winter” in research and development, in whose climate Baker-as-“agent” would have been a means of humanizing an abstract-seeming concept of organizing and navigating information. Not that all his enthusiastically proffered services draw unqualified enthusiasm from Adams, who possessed a rare combination of Californian technophilia and British skepticism. His fascination with humanity’s digital future is ours — and so is his wariness.

via Mefi

Sci-Fi Writer Arthur C. Clarke Predicted the Rise of Artificial Intelligence & the Existential Questions We Would Need to Answer (1978)

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John Turturro Introduces America to the World Wide Web in 1999: Watch A Beginner’s Guide To The Internet

Pioneering Sci-Fi Author William Gibson Predicts in 1997 How the Internet Will Change Our World

Sci-Fi Author J.G. Ballard Predicts the Rise of Social Media (1977)

Based in Seoul, Colin Marshall writes and broadcasts on cities, language, and culture. He’s the author of the newsletter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Summarizing Korea) and Korean Newtro. Follow him on the social network formerly known as Twitter at @colinmarshall.

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Hear How Clare Torry’s Vocals on Pink Floyd’s “The Great Gig in the Sky” Made the Song Go from Pretty Good to Downright Great

in Music | October 20th, 2026

Smack in the middle of Pink Floyd’s classic Dark Side of the Moon sits a song many listeners may hear as an extended bridge between the two true centerpieces, “Time” and “Money.” But I’ve always thought of “The Great Gig in the Sky” as the album’s true center, a swirling, swinging, soulful prog-rock masterpiece, carried to stratospheric heights by British singer Clare Torry. The song’s wordless gospel vocal makes it an ecstatic, even hopeful, tent pole supporting Dark Side’s brilliantly cynical songs about the banality and injustice of modern life.

“The Great Gig in the Sky,” that is to say, provides much-needed emotional release in an album that can sound, writes Alexis Petridis, “like one long sigh.” Yet if you know the story of Dark Side of the Moon and of Clare Torry’s defining contribution, you’ll know that her incredible soaring vocal was sheer happenstance, an improvisation by a young singer brought in at the last minute by producer Alan Parsons—and one who wasn’t a particular fan of the band. (“If it had been The Kinks,” she remembered, “I’d have been over the moon.”)

Torry reluctantly stepped into the studio and asked the band, “Well, what do you want?” Basically, she says, “they had no idea.” An isolated track from Alan Parsons’ 1973 mix (above) strips the song down to piano, drums, slide guitar, and Torry’s voice. Early live versions of the song in 1972 had featured Bible readings and recorded speeches by conservative writer Malcolm Muggeridge; in the final version, these gave way to snippets of the band’s crew and friends answering questions about death.

When Torry went into the vocal booth and put on the headphones, she would have heard an even more stripped-down mix. Given no other instruction than “we don’t want any words,” she decided, “I have to pretend to be an instrument.”

Torry’s vocal is so distinctive that she eventually won a settlement in 2005 for a co-songwriting credit with Wright—an outcome some songwriting experts agree was fully justified since she essentially created a new melody for the song. In the interview above, hear Torry describe how she “had a little go” and, after some guidance from David Gilmour and a can of Heineken, casually knocked out one of the most thrilling vocal performances in rock history.

Note: An earlier version of this post appeared on our site in 2017.

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Pink Floyd’s “Echoes” Provides a Soundtrack for the Final Scene of Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey

Josh Jones is a writer and musician based in Durham, NC.

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The Dark Story Behind Edgar Allan Poe’s Most Famous Photograph, Taken Four Days After a Laudanum Overdose

in History, Literature, Photography | October 19th, 2026

In the Halloween season, one American writer comes to mind more often than any other: Edgar Allan Poe. That owes in large part to his famously macabre tales like “The Tell-Tale Heart,” “The Cask of Amontillado,” and “The Masque of the Red Death,” written though they may have been with barely concealed contempt for their sensation-seeking magazine readership. But it also has to do with the image of the man himself. Or rather, it has to do with one image in particular: a daguerreotype photograph taken on November 9, 1848, at a Providence studio that has inspired practically every representation of Poe in popular culture since.

Known as Ultima Thule, this famous portrait was in fact just one of perhaps ten daguerreotypes for which Poe sat in his lifetime. Inventor Louis Daguerre’s early photographic process, which used silver-coated copper plates, fascinated Poe, who in an 1840 newspaper article called it “the most important, and perhaps the most extraordinary triumph of modern science.” He described its product as “infinitely more accurate in its representation than any painting by human hands,” though anyone sitting for a picture did have to sit still for minutes on end, resulting in not just the unsmiling visages we associate with nineteenth-century photography, but also in a combination of discomfort and slight blurring that can look vaguely otherworldly.

That quality may actually have enhanced the aura of Ultima Thule, which painter Michael J. Deas calls “the image of the tragic romantic poet: solemn, detached, consumed by his own wildly self-destructive nature.” It surely also made a difference that the portrait was made, in the words of poet Hervey Allen, “probably at the very hour when he looked the worst that he had ever looked in his life.” He’d been taken to the studio by a stranger with whom he’d spent the previous night binge-drinking. Just four days before that, he’d unsuccessfully attempted suicide by laudanum overdose, a rash action taken after the rejection of his marriage proposal by Sarah Helen Whitman, a widowed poet he hadn’t known long — and who would give her suitor’s immortal portrait its Latin name, borrowed from his poem “Dream-Land.”

The original daguerreotype, for which the studio probably paid the by-then notable, still perpetually hard-up Poe to sit, remained with its makers until it vanished around 1860, and its whereabouts have remained unknown ever since. But copies have allowed generation after generation of readers to behold Poe’s troubled visage when what Whitman called “all the stormy grandeur of that via Dolorosa had left its sullen shadow on his brow.” Through the drunken chaos and poverty of his life, the writer himself could see things to come. “The consequences of any new scientific invention will, at the present day exceed, by very much, the wildest expectations of the most imaginative,” he wrote, an observation true enough of photography 178 years ago, and no doubt even truer of what we use to make images today.

Why Should You Read Edgar Allan Poe? An Animated Video Explains

The Mystery of Edgar Allan Poe’s Death: 19 Theories on What Caused the Poet’s Demise

Hear Edgar Allan Poe Stories Read by Iggy Pop, Jeff Buckley, Christopher Walken, Marianne Faithful & More

7 Tips from Edgar Allan Poe on How to Write Vivid Stories & Poems

The First Photograph of a Human Being: A Photo Taken by Louis Daguerre in 1838

Based in Seoul, Colin Marshall writes and broadcasts on cities, language, and culture. He’s the author of the newsletter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Summarizing Korea) and Korean Newtro. Follow him on the social network formerly known as Twitter at @colinmarshall.

by Colin Marshall | Permalink | Make a Comment ( 2 ) |

When a Cat Co-Authored a Paper in a Leading Physics Journal (1975)

in Physics, Random | October 19th, 2026

Back in 1975, Jack H. Hetherington, a physics professor at Michigan State University, wrote a research paper on low–temperature physics for the respected scientific journal Physical Review Letters. Before sending it off, Hetherington asked a colleague to review the paper, just to make sure it covered the right bases. What happened next Hetherington explained in the 1982 book, More Random Walks in Science:

Before I submitted [the article], I asked a colleague to read it over and he said, ‘It’s a fine paper, but they’ll send it right back.’ He explained that that is because of the Editor’s rule that the word “we” should not be used in a paper with only a single author. Changing the paper to the impersonal seemed too difficult now, and it was all written and typed; therefore, after an evening’s thought, I simply asked the secretary to change the title page to include the name of the family cat, a Siamese called Chester, sired one summer by Willard (one of the few unfixed male Siamese cats in Aspen, Colorado). I added the initials F D in front of the name to stand for Felix Domesticus and thus created F D C Willard.

The editors eventually accepted the paper, “Two‑, Three‑, and Four-Atom Exchange Effects in bcc 3 He.” And the ruse lasted until, remembers Hetherington, “a visitor [came to the university and] asked to talk to me, and since I was unavailable asked to talk with Willard. Everyone laughed and soon the cat was out of the bag.” (Pun surely intended.) Apparently only the journal editors didn’t find humor in the joke.

Above, you can see F.D.C. Willard’s signature (a paw print) on the front page of the article. The website, TodayIFoundOut, has much more on this enchanting little story.

If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider making a donation to our site. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your contributions will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. You can contribute through PayPal, Patreon, and Venmo (@openculture). Thanks!

Note: An earlier version of this post appeared on our site in 2017.

The Famous Schrodinger’s Cat Thought Experiment Gets Brought to Life in an Off-Kilter Animation

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How Vincent van Gogh’s Sister-in-Law Worked Tirelessly to Make Him Famous

in Art, History | October 16th, 2026

No artist, no matter how solitary by nature, becomes a cultural phenomenon alone. That’s even true of such an isolated figure as Vincent van Gogh, whose death in obscurity at the age of 37 left open the question of who, if anyone, would vouchsafe his paintings to posterity. The support of the artist’s younger brother Theo is often given a good deal of credit for making his work possible, and not without reason. What’s somewhat less widely known is that Theo, who’d long been in poor health, died less than a year after Vincent’s suicide. The work of ensuring the latter’s legacy then fell to the former’s widow Johanna Bonger — or perhaps she understood that if she didn’t steward it, nobody else would.

As Cindy Poh explains in the Newsthink video above, Bonger inherited a great many of van Gogh’s works and stored them away while devising a plan to make them famous. Practically going door-to-door — and sometimes, it seems, literally going door-to-door — she stayed engaged with the late Theo’s art-world contacts. She cut sweetheart deals with museums and even donated artworks outright, increasing their chance of public exposure. She organized exhibitions everywhere from Paris to Berlin to London to New York, the most pivotal being one held at Amsterdam’s Stedelijk Museum in 1905. The 484 works put on display made it the largest van Gogh show in history, a record it still holds today.

At that time, well before The Starry Night and Sunflowers adorned coffee mugs in suburban households the world over, van Gogh’s art could still shock some critics with its unconventionality. Others, however, showed signs of the enrapturement that Bonger must have suspected would one day be possible. Thinking strategically, she preferred to sell fewer pieces for higher prices, preserving the value of his work and limiting its availability on the market. After her second husband’s death, she redoubled her dedication to the art that had become her life’s mission, even translating and publishing the hundreds of letters he’d left behind, most of which were sent to Theo. We’ve heard many artists described as married to their work, a cliché that applies well enough to Vincent van Gogh himself. But to be married to one’s brother-in-law’s work is a rarer thing indeed — and sometimes a more important one.

Vincent Van Gogh’s The Starry Night: Why It’s a Great Painting in 15 Minutes

A Complete Archive of Vincent van Gogh’s Letters: Beautifully Illustrated and Fully Annotated

Behold the Newly-Discovered Sketch by Vincent van Gogh Sketch, “Study for Worn Out” (1882)

Discover the Only Painting Van Gogh Ever Sold During His Lifetime

Maria Anna Mozart Was a Musical Prodigy Like Her Brother Wolfgang, So Why Did She Get Erased from History?

Based in Seoul, Colin Marshall writes and broadcasts on cities, language, and culture. He’s the author of the newsletter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Summarizing Korea) and Korean Newtro. Follow him on the social network formerly known as Twitter at @colinmarshall.

by Colin Marshall | Permalink | Make a Comment ( None ) |

The Megaprojects That Even the Ancient Romans Couldn’t Pull Off: Rerouting the Tiber, Digging a Canal, and More

in History | October 15th, 2026

Some would call the United States of America the mightiest empire the world has ever known. Yet over the past half-century or so, it has shown a strange inability to build domestic infrastructure, at least at the efficiency or on the scale seen elsewhere in the world. (This will not come as news to American enthusiasts of high-speed rail.) Here on Open Culture, we’ve previously featured history YouTuber Garrett Ryan’s take on the question of whether the U.S. is now declining like the ancient Roman Empire. On a more recent video for his channel Told in Stone, he’s highlighted the megaprojects that even the Romans — who managed the Pantheon, the Colosseum, and the Pont du Gard, to say nothing of their uniquely long-lasting concrete itself — couldn’t pull off.

The Tiber may seem like a tame river today, but it wasn’t always so placid. In antiquity, rains caused it to flood every year. Senator-historian Cassius Dio recorded an incident in 54 BC when the suddenly rising waters caused not just houses but whole neighborhoods to collapse. The Tiber’s flooding worsened over time, inspiring Julius Caesar to propose re-routing it either around Rome or into a tunnel running beneath the city. Unfortunately, the Ides of March came before work could get underway. Augustus opted to dredge the river channel, and Tiberius championed diverting its tributaries. Only the construction of modern embankments in the nineteenth century brought the regular fluvial disasters under control, ensuring peace for strollers in search of their own dolce vita.

Roman ships sailing to Greece had to make their way around the Peloponnese, the south of the Greek peninsula. The dangers of that stretch were many, and did their part to sink the ship carrying the Antikythera Mechanism. The Isthmus of Corinth held out the promise of safer passage, at least for those willing to drag their laden ships over a bit of land. Digging a canal was, in some sense, the obvious solution, considered by both Julius Caesar and Caligula, but “only Nero was megalomaniacal enough to actually begin the project.” A decent amount of progress had been made before another instance of regicide (or perhaps, in this particular case, tyrannicide) put a stop to the work. Rather than being resumed by a later emperor, the canal “became a byword for hubris” — at least until the job was finally done in the uncommonly ambitious nineteenth century.

In central Germany, near where the village of Waldgirmes is today, Romans founded a city with many features of an imperial settlement, such as a classic street grid, pipes running from a central aqueduct, and a forum, at the center of which a gilded statue of Augustus on horseback once stood. Dating to the year 4 BC, the city was intended as a new capital for what the Romans called Germania, though it ended up abandoned after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest only about a decade after its founding. “The buildings were burned,” Ryan says. “The head of Augustus’ equestrian statue was thrown down a well,” only to be discovered nineteen centuries later. That image could inspire a meditation on what may be the way of all empires — or serve as a warning to any American leader considering immortalizing himself and his horse in gold.

The Genius Engineering of Roman Aqueducts

How the Ancient Romans Built Their Roads, the Lifelines of Their Vast Empire

The Advanced Technology of Ancient Rome: Automatic Doors, Water Clocks, Vending Machines & More

The Roman Colosseum Deconstructed: 3D Animation Reveals the Hidden Technology That Powered Rome’s Great Arena

The Mystery Finally Solved: Why Has Roman Concrete Been So Durable?

Based in Seoul, Colin Marshall writes and broadcasts on cities, language, and culture. He’s the author of the newsletter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Summarizing Korea) and Korean Newtro. Follow him on the social network formerly known as Twitter at @colinmarshall.

by Colin Marshall | Permalink | Make a Comment ( None ) |

Watch “The Midnight Parasites,” a Surreal Japanese Animation Set in the World of Hieronymus Bosch’s The Garden of Earthly Delights (1972)

in Animation | October 15th, 2026

Hieronymus Bosch’s bizarre paintings might have looked perfectly ordinary to his contemporaries, argues Stanley Meisler in “The World of Bosch.” Modern viewers may find this very hard to believe. We approach Bosch through layers of Freudian interpretation and Surrealist appreciation. We cannot help “regarding the scores of bizarre monsters”—allegories for sins and punishments far more legible in 15th-century Netherlands—“as a kind of dark and cruel comic relief.”

While Bosch might have intended his work as serious sermonizing, it is impossible for us to inhabit the medieval consciousness of his time and place. There’s just no getting around the fact that Bosch is really weird—weirder even (or more imaginatively allegorical) than nearly any other artist of his time. In some very important ways, he belongs to a 20th-century aesthetic of post-Freudian dream logic as much as he belonged to peculiar medieval visions of heaven and hell.

Bosch “described terrible, unbearable holocausts crushing mankind for its sins,” writes Meisler, visions that seemed both stranger and more familiar in the wake of so many man-made holocausts whose absurdities defy reason. What modern horrors does famed Japanese animator Yōji Kuri invoke in his psychedelic 1972 film “The Midnight Parasites,” above, a surrealist short set in the world of Bosch?

Dangerous Minds’ Paul Gallagher describes the plot, such as it is:

Here Kuri imagines what would life might be like if we all lived in Bosch’s painting “Garden of Earthly Delights.” It’s a basically shit and death or rather a cycle of life where blue figures live and die; eat shit and shit gold; are skewered, and devoured; are regurgitated and reborn to carry on the cycle once again.

Kuri’s satirical vision, in films long favored by countercultural audiences, has “bite,” writes Animation World Network’s Chris Robinson: “he helped lift Japanese animation out of decades of cozy narrative cartoons into a new era of graphic and conceptual experimentation. His films mock and shock, attacking technology, population expansion, monotony of modern society… Witnessing the surrender of Japan during WW2, the devastation of his country followed by the quick rise of Western inspired materialist culture and rampant consumption, Kuri, like many of his colleagues at the time, questioned the state and direction of his society and world.”

His creative appropriation of Bosch, “dark, dirty, oddly beautiful, with a groovy soundtrack,” Gallagher writes, may not, as Meisler worries of many modern takes, get Bosch wrong at all. Though the Dutch artist’s symbolism may never be comprehensible—or anything less than hallucinatory—to us moderns, Kuri’s half-playful reimagining uses Boschian figures for some serious moralizing, showing us a hell world governed by grave lapses and cruelties Bosch could never have imagined.

Note: An earlier version of this post appeared on our site in 2018.

The Meaning of Hieronymus Bosch’s The Garden of Earthly Delights Explained

Hieronymus Bosch’s Medieval Painting The Garden of Earthly Delights Comes to Life in a Gigantic, Modern Animation

Hieronymus Bosch’s Medieval Painting, “The Garden of Earthly Delights,” Comes to Life in a Gigantic, Modern Animation

Josh Jones is a writer and musician based in Durham, NC.

by OC | Permalink | Make a Comment ( None ) |

Why Cleopatra, Lawrence of Arabia, Ben-Hur & Other Hollywood Classics Still Look So Good

in Film | October 14th, 2026

Cleopatra cost Twentieth Century Fox $44 million, by the studio’s own estimate. That may sound like the budget of one of those genre pictures that winds up going straight to streaming, but if we convert those 1963 dollars into current ones, it comes out to $480 million. The most expensive film ever made up to that point, it remained an industry symbol of near-parodically troubled production and grotesque cost inflation for decades. Like The Wizard of Oz, it failed to recoup its investment during its initial theatrical run, eventually turning a profit thanks only to re-releases and television rights sales. And yet, these six decades later, the investment seems to have proven sound, at least according to the video above from YouTube channel Wolfcrow, “Why Cleopatra Still Looks Like a Trillion Bucks.”

Unlike some infamously expensive movies, Cleopatra doesn’t leave you wondering where all the money went. Wolfcrow creator Sareesh Sudhakaran points out some of the myriad ways it manifests onscreen, from the 70-foot-long giant sphinx to the full-scale Alexandria harbor built on the coast to the Roman Forum set designed to be three times larger than the actual Roman Forum to the 65 or so outfits Elizabeth Taylor wears in the title role (to say nothing of the 26,000 other costumes made for all the other characters). Even the matte paintings and optical camera tricks still look convincing. The film’s production designers knew that nothing could be done by half measures, given that the 65mm Todd-AO stock used for filming would expose any flimsiness on the big screen.

Just as unforgiving was the ultra-wide aspect ratio used for the 1959 version of Ben-Hur, which necessitated painstaking labor on everything that went before the camera, but also a new approach to the composition of the shots themselves. Even those of us who’ve never seen the movie can call to mind images of its climactic chariot race, a sequence that earned its cultural impact the hard way.

It took five months to film on the largest set ever built at that time, with 1,500 extras in its stands. A few years later, Lawrence of Arabia took Hollywood grandeur up to the level of sublimity with its real desert landscapes. David Lean “was obsessed with scale and detail,” Sudhakaran explains. “He wanted the desert to be more than just a backdrop. He wanted it to be a character in the story,” which required meticulous planning of all the ways its natural light could possibly be used to dramatic effect.

Though Sudhakaran clearly has an interest in spectacles from the golden age of the Hollywood historical epics, he’s also made videos on lastingly impressive movies from other times and genres. When was the last time you sat down to enjoy the satirical urban techno-dystopia RoboCop, the comic-strip noir fantasia of Dick Tracy, or the flamboyant de-familiarized twenty-third century of The Fifth Element — or better yet, saw them properly screened at a revival house? When they came out, those films met with varying degrees of box-office success and critical praise, if not regarded as the absolute peak of cinematic sophistication. In our time, their ambition and craft look nothing short of astonishing, especially when we remember that they built their worlds in physical reality with real human beings, mostly analog techniques, and a whole lot of labor and imagination. Could even a trillion dollars buy the same results today?

Why Movies Don’t Feel Real Anymore: A Close Look at Changing Filmmaking Techniques

Why Movies Don’t Feel Like Movies Anymore: The Rise of Metamodernist Films, and How They Grew Out of Modernism & Postmodernism

The Greatest Cut in Film History: Watch the “Match Cut” Immortalized by Lawrence of Arabia

The Cinematography That Changed Cinema: Exploring Akira Kurosawa, Stanley Kubrick, Peter Greenaway & Other Auteurs

Based in Seoul, Colin Marshall writes and broadcasts on cities, language, and culture. He’s the author of the newsletter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Summarizing Korea) and Korean Newtro. Follow him on the social network formerly known as Twitter at @colinmarshall.

by Colin Marshall | Permalink | Make a Comment ( 5 ) |

Soviet-Era Illustrations of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit (1976)

in Art, Literature | October 14th, 2026

Until I read J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, my favorite book growing up was, by far, The Hobbit. Growing up in Russia, however, meant that instead of Tolkien’s English version, my parents read me a Russian translation. To me, the translation easily matched the pace and wonder of Tolkien’s original. Looking back, The Hobbit probably made such an indelible impression on me because Tolkien’s tale was altogether different than the Russian fairy tales and children’s stories that I had previously been exposed to. There were no childish hijinks, no young protagonists, no parents to rescue you when you got into trouble. I considered it an epic in the truest literary sense.

As with many Russian translations during the Cold War, the book came with a completely different set of illustrations. Mine, I remember regretting slightly, lacked pictures altogether. A friend’s edition, however, was illustrated in the typical Russian style: much more traditionally stylized than Tolkien’s own drawings, they were more angular, friendlier, almost cartoonish. In this post, we include a number of these images from the 1976 printing. The cover, above, depicts a grinning Bilbo Baggins holding a gem. Below, Gandalf, an ostensibly harmless soul, pays Bilbo a visit.

Next, we have the three trolls, arguing about their various eating arrangements, with Bilbo hiding to the side.

Here, Gollum, né Sméagol, paddles his raft in the depths of the mountains.

Finally, here’s Bilbo, fulfilling his role as a burglar in Smaug’s lair.

Note: An earlier version of this post appeared on our site in 2014.

Ilia Blinderman is a Montreal-based culture and science writer.

The Only Drawing from Maurice Sendak’s Short-Lived Attempt to Illustrate The Hobbit

A Long-Lost Soviet Adaptation of The Lord of the Rings Resurfaces on YouTube–and Tolkien Fans Rejoice (1991)

J.R.R. Tolkien, Using a Tape Recorder for the First Time, Reads from The Hobbit for 30 Minutes (1952)

Discover J.R.R. Tolkien’s Personal Book Cover Designs for The Lord of the Rings Trilogy

by OC | Permalink | Make a Comment ( 3 ) |

The Names of Nearly 4 Million Enslaved People in Former British Colonies Are Now Searchable Online, Helping Descendants Find Lost Ancestors

in History | October 13th, 2026

A few years ago, we featured here on Open Culture the Freedmen’s Bureau Project database, which contains searchable information on formerly enslaved people in the United States after its Civil War. With nearly 1.8 million men, women, and children registered there when it first opened to the public, it has remained a valuable resource for many Americans researching their own heritage, not just descendants of former slaves but of other Civil War refugees as well. But of course, the U.S. was hardly the only country where slavery existed. Countless people here in the twenty-first century have ancestors who were enslaved in other former British colonies, and now they’ve got a portal through which to do genealogical searches of their own.

Launched by a partnership between the genealogy company Ancestry and the Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery at University College London, the online Former British Colonies Enslavement Registers makes available records on nearly four million individuals enslaved between 1813 and 1840 in a host of countries from the Bahamas to Mauritius to South Africa.

First created by the British government during the process of abolishing the transatlantic slave trade in 1807 — much as the Freedmen’s Bureau organized its registry of former slaves during Reconstruction under Abraham Lincoln — the original papers contain not just their names and ages, but also maternal family connections, physical descriptions, and sometimes details about their place of African origin.

In the video above, genealogist and Ancestry Senior Story Producer Nicka Sewell-Smith provides an introduction to the Former British Colonies Enslavement Registers, which you can access here. If you’re curious about whether your own ancestors may appear in its records, you can search by details like name, approximate date, or location to narrow down the potential matches. The modern descendants of people enslaved in the 20 countries covered by the database by no means live exclusively, or even primarily, in those countries or in Great Britain itself. More than two centuries later, their descendants live all over the world, including in Latin America and the United States, leading lives very different from those of their enslaved ancestors — but the reconstruction of their family stories has only just begun. Enter the database here.

via Kottke

The Names of 1.8 Million Emancipated Slaves Are Now Searchable in the World’s Largest Genealogical Database, Helping African Americans Find Lost Ancestors

1.5 Million Slavery Era Documents Will Be Digitized, Helping African Americans to Learn About Their Lost Ancestors

Visualizing Slavery: The Map Abraham Lincoln Spent Hours Studying During the Civil War

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Based in Seoul, Colin Marshall writes and broadcasts on cities, language, and culture. He’s the author of the newsletter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Summarizing Korea) and Korean Newtro. Follow him on the social network formerly known as Twitter at @colinmarshall.

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The Bialetti Moka Express: The History of Italy’s Iconic Coffee Maker, and How to Use It the Right Way

in Food & Drink, History | October 13th, 2026

I am sure that many an Open Culture reader has a Bialetti Moka Express in their kitchen. I know I do, but I must add that I knew little about its history and apparently even less about how to properly use one. Coffee expert and author of The World Atlas of Coffee James Hoffmann introduces us to the appliance we think we know in the above video.

Alfonso Bialetti didn’t originally get into the coffee business. In 1919, the Bialetti company was an aluminum manufacturer, with the Moka Express invented somewhere around 1933 by Luigi de Ponti, who worked for the company. According to Deconstructing Product Design by William Lidwell and Gerry Manacsa, the inspiration came from Bialetti’s wife’s old-fashioned washing machine: “a fire, a bucket, and a lid with a tube coming out of it. The bucket was filled with soapy water, sealed with the lid, and then brought to a boil over the fire, at which point the vaporized soapy water was pushed up through the tube and expelled on to the laundry.”

As Hoffmann shows, earlier coffee-makers did use steam and a drip technique, but the Moka Express was the first all-in-one maker that could sit on the stove top and do the work. All the user had to listen for was the tell-tale gurgle when it finished brewing.

In 1945, Alfonso’s son Renato returned from a prisoner-of-war camp and took over the family business. He was instrumental in focusing on the Moka Express and turning it into an international coffee brand. He hired cartoonist Paul Campani to design l’omino coi baffi, “the mustachioed little man” whose image is on the side of every Moka Express, and who, during the 1950s, was in a series of humorous animated commercials. Bialetti was the pride of Italy, and for Italian immigrants living abroad, it was a treasured object in the kitchen.

Such was the identification of Renato Bialetti with the Moka Express that when he died in 2016, his ashes were interred in a giant replica pot. Hoffmann details the fate of the company afterwards, how it has fared against competitors in Italy and outside. Will it still be around in decades? Who knows. But it does make a great cup of coffee.

And he shows the correct way to brew a cup with the Moka Express in this other video. Here are a few things I was doing wrong: not using hot water in the bottom to start; trying to pack in the ground coffee like I was making an espresso; using too fine a grind; and not cooling the bottom as soon as it’s done working its magic. (Note: a Moka Express coffee is somewhere between an espresso and a pour-over.) All these tips I’m going to try tomorrow morning. Maybe you have been making your Bialetti cup the right way all along. Let me know in the comments. I’ll read them over a freshly brewed cup.

Note: An earlier version of this post appeared on our site in 2022.

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Ted Mills is a freelance writer on the arts.

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The Bialetti Moka Express: The History of Italy’s Iconic Coffee Maker, and How to Use It the Right Way

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