The Shortest-Known Paper Published in a Serious Math Journal: Two Succinct Sentences

shortest math paper

Euler’s con­jec­ture, a the­o­ry pro­posed by Leon­hard Euler in 1769, hung in there for 200 years. Then L.J. Lan­der and T.R. Parkin came along in 1966, and debunked the con­jec­ture in two swift sen­tences. Their arti­cle — which is now open access and can be down­loaded here — appeared in the Bul­letin of the Amer­i­can Math­e­mat­i­cal Soci­ety. If you’re won­der­ing what the con­jec­ture and its refu­ta­tion are all about, you might want to ask Cliff Pick­over, the author of 45 books on math and sci­ence. He brought this curi­ous doc­u­ment to the web last week.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

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Comments (24)
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  • Dan Loeb says:

    This arti­cle is even short­er: On a con­jec­ture of R. J. Simp­son about exact cov­er­ing con­gru­ences
    Author: Doron Zeil­berg­er Drex­el Univ., Philadel­phia, PA
    Pub­lished in: Amer­i­can Math­e­mat­i­cal Month­ly archive
    Vol­ume 96 Issue 3, March 1989 Page 243

    http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2325213?uid=3739864&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21106466966333

    Here is a longer ver­sion of the same arti­cle:

    http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~zeilberg/mamarim/mamarimPDF/simpson.pdf

  • Amarashiki says:

    My con­tri­bu­tion to this top­ic:

    Short post, short papers, enjoy! LOG#170. The short­est papers ever: the list.

    http://www.thespectrumofriemannium.com/2015/04/13/log170-the-shortest-papers-ever-the-list/

  • miresu says:

    here must to con­sid­er that appear some as say prof dr mircea orasanu and prof horia orasanu

  • mincinu says:

    akso we see more aspects as say prof dr mircea orasanu and prof horia orasanu aspects as fol­low­ings
    MATHEMATICS AND EDUCATION

    ABSTRACT
    ]. In these approach­es one may derive covari­ant ver­sions of the Fokker-Planck equa­tion of Brown­ian motion in curved spaces. The math­e­mat­i­cal approach to path inte­grals uses sim­i­lar tech­niques [5]. The inher­ent ambi­gu­i­ties can be removed by demand­ing a cer­tain form for Schrödinger equa­tion of the sys­tem, which in curved space is have the Laplace-Bel­tra­mi oper­a­tor as an oper­a­tor for the kinet­ic ener­gy [2], with­out an addi­tion­al cur­va­ture scalar.

  • briciu says:

    also here we can devel­op­ment some aspects as say prof dr mircea orasanu and prof horia orasanu

  • crigu says:

    here we con­sid­er some as say prof dr mircea orasanu and prof horia orasanu as Rie­mann Hilbert prob­lem

  • minciu says:

    here as say prof dr mircea orasanu and prof horia orasanu must con­sid­er that are pos­si­ble some aspects

  • sadudu says:

    sure as say prof dr mircea orasanu and prof horia orasanu as fol­lowed

    GAUSS AND EULER
    ABSTRACT
    Let’s approach Leon­hard Euler and his work the same way. It will make things a whole lot eas­i­er.

    If one is not a math­e­mati­cian (and except for a few of you out there, who is?), it’s going to be impos­si­ble to actu­al­ly under­stand why Euler was such a great man. Oth­er peo­ple will have to tell us, and we should prob­a­bly believe them.

  • dinciu says:

    and thus prof dr mircea orasanu shown rhat

  • bandudiu says:

    in these sit­u­a­tions we con­sid­er that thus as how meet and as look prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu as fol­lowed with
    PROBLEM OF OPEN CULTURE AND APPLICATIONS
    ABSTRACT
    In gen­er­al, par­tial dif­fer­en­tial equa­tions are dif­fi­cult to solve, but tech­niques have been devel­oped for sim­pler class­es of equa­tions called lin­ear, and for class­es known loose­ly as “almost” lin­ear, in which all deriv­a­tives of an order high­er than one occur to the first pow­er and their coef­fi­cients involve only the inde­pen­dent vari­ables.
    Many phys­i­cal­ly impor­tant par­tial dif­fer­en­tial equa­tions are sec­ond-order and lin­ear. For exam­ple:
    uxx + uyy = 0 (two-dimen­sion­al Laplace equa­tion)
    uxx = ut (one-dimen­sion­al heat equa­tion)
    uxx − uyy = 0 (one-dimen­sion­al wave equa­tion)

  • dunbu says:

    in oth­er cas­es appear oth­er con­jec­tures as observed prof dr mircea orasanu as fol­lowed
    PFAFF FORMS AND CONSEQUENCES
    ABSTRACT

    If is an even inte­ger, the series reduces to a poly­no­mi­al of degree with only even pow­ers of and the series diverges. If is an odd inte­ger, the series reduces to a poly­no­mi­al of degree with only odd pow­ers of and the series diverges. The gen­er­al solu­tion for an inte­ger is then giv­en by the Legendre poly­no­mi­als
    (25)

  • bandiu says:

    as an impor­tant ques­tion of the above are men­tioned the F. VIETTE , KRONECKER The­o­rem and oth­er as are observed in and for prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu as fol­lowed
    PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ANALYTICAL CALCULUS
    ABSTRACT
    is very ped­a­gog­i­cal thes ques­tions and Par­tial dif­fer­en­tial equa­tion, in math­e­mat­ics, equa­tion relat­ing a func­tion of sev­er­al vari­ables to its par­tial deriv­a­tives. A par­tial deriv­a­tive of a func­tion of sev­er­al vari­ables express­es how fast the func­tion changes when one of its vari­ables is changed, the oth­ers being held con­stant (com­pare ordi­nary dif­fer­en­tial equa­tion). The par­tial deriv­a­tive of a func­tion is again a func­tion, and, if f(x, y) denotes the orig­i­nal func­tion of the vari­ables x and y, the par­tial deriv­a­tive with respect to x—i.e., when only x is allowed to vary—is typ­i­cal­ly writ­ten as fx(x, y) or ∂f/∂x. The oper­a­tion of find­ing a par­tial deriv­a­tive can be applied to a func­tion that is itself a par­tial deriv­a­tive of anoth­er func­tion to get what is called a sec­ond-order par­tial derivative.In gen­er­al, par­tial dif­fer­en­tial equa­tions are dif­fi­cult to solve, but tech­niques have been devel­oped for sim­pler class­es of equa­tions called lin­ear, and for class­es known loose­ly as “almost” lin­ear, in which all deriv­a­tives of an order high­er than one occur to the first pow­er and their coef­fi­cients involve only the inde­pen­dent vari­ables.
    Many phys­i­cal­ly impor­tant par­tial dif­fer­en­tial equa­tions are sec­ond-order and lin­ear. For exam­ple:

  • dendiu says:

    For an anal­o­gous treat­ment of ellip­tic curves defined as com­plete inter­sec­tion in high­er dimen­sion­al toric vari­eties, see the mod­ule weierstrass_higher.

    Tech­ni­cal­ly, this mod­ule com­putes the Weier­strass form of the Jaco­bian of the ellip­tic curve. This is why you will nev­er have to spec­i­fy the ori­gin (or zero sec­tion) in the fol­low­ing and as estab­lished prof dr mircea orasanu these con­tri­bu­tion appear a JACOBIAN and Louis Uni­ver­si­ty where work prof dr mircea orasanu but oth­er can be not using some impor­tant equa­tions

  • ponociu says:

    oth­er sit­u­a­tions appear for as con­sid­er­ing the future of teacher edu­ca­tion at the present time, I believe that it is rel­e­vant to con­sid­er the wider social and polit­i­cal con­text in which schools and insti­tu­tions of teacher edu­ca­tion are placed at this time observed prof dr mircea orasanu

  • deasufiu says:

    in prob­lem to approach we approach that are extend­ed impor­tant con­sid­er­a­tions of alge­bra­ic struc­tures as N is a monoid
    Z is an inte­gral domain
    Q is a field
    in the field R the order is com­plete
    the field C is alge­braical­ly com­plete observed prof dr mircea orasanu that have not find by dir dudi­an lyc 39 because that he not known that you have been asked by a child to give them arith­metic prob­lems, so they could show off their new­ly learned skills in addi­tion and sub­trac­tion I’m sure that after a few prob­lems such as: 2 + 3, 9 — 5, 10 + 2 and 6 — 4, you tried toss­ing them some­thing a lit­tle more dif­fi­cult: 4 — 7 only to be told “ That’s not allowed.” thus appear the ring of mod­u­lo (n) nat­ur­al inte­ger with con­sid­er­a­tions estab­lished by prof dr mircea orasanu inspired by e. galois and may not have real­ized is that you and the child did not just have dif­fer­ent objects in mind (neg­a­tive num­bers) but entire­ly dif­fer­ent alge­bra­ic sys­tems. In oth­er words a set of objects (they could be nat­ur­al num­bers, inte­gers or reals) and a set of oper­a­tions, or rules regard­ing how the num­bers can be com­bined. thus these aspects are all unknown in FAC MAT bucharest We will take a very infor­mal tour of some alge­bra­ic sys­tems, but before we define some of the terms, let us build a struc­ture which will have some nec­es­sary prop­er­ties for exam­ples and coun­terex­am­ples that will help us clar­i­fy some of the def­i­n­i­tions.

  • ciungenu says:

    these aspects appear with some aspects as since that prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu con­cern more and many as fol­lowed for Louis Uni­ver­si­ty in domain Col­lo­qui­um of com­plex poten­tial and Rie­mann Hilnert prob­lem lead by I and to COLLEGE LYCEUM MAGNA
    Effect of lim­it­ed T
    (3) Dose DFT give for every f ?
    No! only dis­crete fre­quen­cies.
    DFT as an esti­mate for X(f): even worse than due to the lim­it­ed fre­quen­cy res­o­lu­tion.

    1. Effect of sam­pling fre­quen­cy (or num­ber of points) on accu­ra­cy when T is giv­en: Exam­ple
    use for
    2. Effect of T (win­dow size)
    Com­pare and for

  • laciu says:

    there many works con­cern­ing appeared of prob­lem of Lagrangian and as observed prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu are fol­lowed by con­se­quences as CILLEGE LYCEUM MAGNA ‚but not Col­leg vir­gil magearu Buc, or Col­leg tra­ian Buc because that these have poor acknowl­edg­ments in these sense , and ridicu­lous and must con­sid­er that New library con­tent: IEEE Xplore Dig­i­tal LibraryIEEE Xplore Dig­i­tal Library pro­vides access to the IEEE/IET Elec­tron­ic Library which fea­tures con­tent from IEEE (Insti­tute of Elec­tri­cal and Elec­tron­ics Engi­neers) as well as IET (Insti­tu­tion of Engi­neer­ing and Tech­nol­o­gy). mean that no appeared any­thing
    EEE Xplore pro­vides access to well-regard­ed and high­ly cit­ed lit­er­a­ture: IEEE’s sci­en­tif­ic and tech­ni­cal arti­cles fuel more new patents than any oth­er pub­lish­er and are cit­ed over 3 times more often. The data­base is updat­ed dai­ly with more than 20,000 new IEEE/IET arti­cles added each month.and Leave a Reply

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    Com­ment­no

  • dosandu says:

    there are many ques­tions in His­to­ry or sci­ence that are observed by prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu and as fol­lowed for estab­lised of impor­tant sit­u­a­tions and chap­ter of scle­ronoo­mous devel­op­ments and oth­er so a sim­ple pen­du­lum is a sys­tem com­posed of a weight and a string. The string is attached at the top end to a piv­ot and at the bot­tom end to a weight. Being inex­ten­si­ble, the string’s length is a con­stant. There­fore, this sys­tem is scle­ronomous; it obeys scle­ro­nom­ic con­straint
    x 2 + y 2 − L = 0 , {\dis­playstyle {\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-L=0\,\!,} {\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}-L=0\,\!,
    where ( x , y ) {\dis­playstyle (x,y)\,\!} (x,y)\,\! is the posi­tion of the weight and L {\dis­playstyle L\,\!} L\,\! is length of the string.
    A sim­ple pen­du­lum with oscil­lat­ing piv­ot point
    Take a more com­pli­cat­ed exam­ple. Refer to the next fig­ure at right, Assume the top end of the string is attached to a piv­ot point under­go­ing a sim­ple har­mon­ic motion
    x t = x 0 cos ⁡ ω t , {\dis­playstyle x_{t}=x_{0}\cos \omega t\,\!,} x_{t}=x_{0}\cos \omega t\,\!,
    where x 0 {\dis­playstyle x_{0}\,\!} x_{0}\,\! is ampli­tude, ω {\dis­playstyle \omega \,\!} \omega \,\! is angu­lar fre­quen­cy, and t {\dis­playstyle t\,\!} t\,\! is time.

  • paspidu says:

    indeed is true that these are seri­ous jour­nal and accept­ed pro­found arti­cles or com­ment com­pared with oth­er ‚as recent observed prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu spe­cial­ly in point views of Bezout the­o­rem or Galois the­o­ry

  • sunidu says:

    in many sit­u­a­tions con­cern­ing the ped­a­gogy appear for prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu impor­tant sit­u­a­tions due these occa­sion that per­mit­ted many con­se­quences

  • ganaciu says:

    in many sit­u­a­tions are adopt­ed impor­tant aspects of the above prob­lem and con­se­quences as observed prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu spe­cial­ly and fol­lowed that are applied for non holo­nom­ic prob­lem CONSTRAINTS OPTIMIZATION and Fun­da­men­tal The­o­rem of Alge­bra that lead to ideas of prof dr Con­stan­tin Udriste

  • nabdasu says:

    for most impor­tant aspects are pre­sent­ed oth­er sit­u­a­tions so that observed prof dr mircea and prof dr d horia orasanu that remarked the form of appli­ca­tions and fol­lowed that then so lead to CONSTRAINTS prob­lem and thus . Loco­mo­tion of a snake-like struc­ture in accor­dance with the ser­penoid curve, i.e. lat­er­al undu­la­tion, is achieved if the joints of the robot move accord­ing to the ref­er­ence joint tra­jec­to­ries in the form of a sinu­soidal func­tion with spec­i­fied ampli­tude, fre­quen­cy, and phase shift. In par­tic­u­lar, using the fore­go­ing defined new states, we define a con­straint func­tion for the ith joint of the snake robot by
    Φi = αsin(η + (i − 1)δ) + ϕo
    (45)
    where i∈{1,…,N−1}, α denotes the ampli­tude of the sinu­soidal joint motion, and δ is a phase shift that is used to keep the joints out of phase. More­over, ϕo is an off­set val­ue that is iden­ti­cal for all of the joints. It was illus­trat­ed in [16] how the off­set val­ue ϕo affects the ori­en­ta­tion of the snake robot in the plane. Build­ing fur­ther on this insight, we con­sid­er the sec­ond-order time deriv­a­tive of ϕo in the form of a dynam­ic com­pen­sator, which will be used to con­trol the ori­en­ta­tion of the robot. In par­tic­u­lar, through this con­trol term, we mod­i­fy the ori­en­ta­tion of the robot in accor­dance with a ref­er­ence ori­en­ta­tion. This will be done by adding an off­set angle to the ref­er­ence tra­jec­to­ry of each joint. We will show that this will steer the posi­tion of the CM of the robot towards the desired path. The con­straint func­tion (45) is dynam­ic, since it depends on the solu­tion of a dynam­ic com­pen­sator.
    Vir­tu­al holo­nom­ic con­straint for the head link angle
    In this sub­sec­tion, we define a con­straint func­tion for the head angle of the robot. In par­tic­u­lar, we use a line-of-sight (LOS) guid­ance law as the ref­er­ence angle for the head link. LOS guid­ance is a much-used method in marine con­trol sys­tems (see, e.g. [27]). In gen­er­al, guid­ance-based con­trol strate­gies are based on defin­ing a ref­er­ence head­ing angle for the vehi­cle through a guid­ance law and design­ing a con­troller to track this angle [27]. Moti­vat­ed by marine con­trol lit­er­a­ture, in [17] based on a sim­pli­fied mod­el of the snake robot, using cas­cade sys­tems the­o­ry, it was proved that if the head­ing angle of the snake robot was con­trolled to the LOS angle, then also the posi­tion of the CM of the robot would con­verge to the desired path. We will show that a sim­i­lar guid­ance-based con­trol strat­e­gy can suc­cess­ful­ly steer the robot towards the desired path. How­ev­er, we per­form the mod­el-based con­trol design based on a more accu­rate mod­el of the snake robot which does not con­tain the sim­pli­fy­ing assump­tions of [17] which are valid for small joint angles.
    To define the guid­ance law, with­out loss of gen­er­al­i­ty, we assign the glob­al coor­di­nate sys­tem such that the glob­al x‑axis is aligned with the desired path. Con­se­quent­ly, the posi­tion of the CM of the robot along the y‑axis, denot­ed by py, defines the short­est dis­tance between the robot and the desired path, often referred to as the cross-track error. In order to solve the path fol­low­ing prob­lem, we use the LOS guid­ance law as a vir­tu­al holo­nom­ic con­straint, which defines the desired head angle as a func­tion of the cross-track error as
    ΦN=−tan−1(pyΔ)

  • fendinu says:

    for many sit­u­a­tions are con­sid­ered devel­op­ments pf main the­o­ry and Adrien LEGENDRE con­cepts observed prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu and com­plex poten­tial flow that lead to CONSTRAINTS OPTIMIZATIONS hav­ing in views that prof dr Con­stan­tin Udriste devel­oped these con­cepts

  • prof dr mircea orasanu says:

    in these must con­sid­er mod­u­lar forms as observed prof dr mircea orasanu and prof drd horia orasanu and con­cern­ing and fol­lowed these used for ELLIPTICAL and inte­grals that are used for devel­oped forms

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